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- Module 04: IntroductionAttached Files: Chapter 4 PowerPoint Presentation (2.113 MB)In this module, we examine the importance of networks to communication and sharing information. We will explore network basics that managers should understand in order to make effective decisions on network-related investments. We will also cover some network technologies businesses can use to improve processes and decision making.
- Learning OutcomesDifferentiate between various network types and functions.Examine protocols and network capabilities, and why a business manager should understand these.Articulate the importance and impact of mobile networks on business.Analyze the business uses of collaborative technologies and the Internet of Things.ReadingsRequired: Chapter 4: Networks, Collaborative Technology, and the Internet of Things in Information Technology for Management: On-Demand Strategies for Performance, Growth, and SustainabilityElksasy, M. S. M. (2023). Understanding the Internet of Things ( IoT ) Concepts, Applications and Standards: An Overview. Delta University Scientific Journal, 6(1), 205–210. https://doi.org/10.21608/dusj.2023.291047View the following videos:Chapter 4 Whiteboard Animation Videos, part 1Chapter 4 Whiteboard Animation Videos, part 2Recommended:Chapter 4 PowerPoint Presentation
- CrosswordComplete each module Crossword to review items covered in the current week’s module.Chapter 4 Crossword
- Interactive Lecture
- Module 04: Critical Thinking AssignmentIT Concepts to Business Decisions (15 Marks)Case 4.2 Business Case: Carnival Seeks to Keep Passengers Happier at Sea with IoT, NFC and Edge ComputingA case study is a puzzle to be solved, so before reading and discussing the specific case questions below, develop your proposed solution by following these five steps:Read the case study to identify the key issues and underlying issues. These issues are the principles and concepts of the course module which apply to the situation described in the case study.Record the facts from the case study which are relevant to the principles and concepts of the module. The case may have extraneous information not relevant to the current course module. Your ability to differentiate between relevant and irrelevant information is an important aspect of case analysis, as it will inform the focus of your answers.Describe in some detail the actions that would address or correct the situation.Complete this initial analysis and then read the case study questions that follow here. Typically, you will already have the answers to the questions but with a broader consideration. At this point, you can add the details and/or analytical tools required to solve the case.___________________________________________________________________Case Study Questions:Why did Carnival Cruise Line think the OceanMedallion would help increase their cruise sales?What is the services component of the OceanMedallion called and what technologies does it use?On how many Carnival cruise ships is the OceanMedallion used?What services does the OceanMedallion Class offer to passengers?What benefits do passengers enjoy from using an OceanMedallion?Your well-written report should be 4-5 pages in length, not including the title and reference pages. To make it easier to read and therefore grade, make sure you clearly delineate each section of your answer so it can be matched with the relevant question. Use Saudi Electronic University academic writing standards and APA style guidelines, citing at least two references as appropriate. Review the grading rubric to see how you will be graded for this assignment.
IT for Management: On-Demand Strategies for
Performance, Growth, and Sustainability
Twelfth Edition
Turban, Pollard, Wood
Chapter 4
Networks, the Internet of Things
(IoT), and Edge Computing
Learning Objectives (1 of 4)
Network
Fundamentals
Network
Quality of
Service
Wireless
Networks and
Standards
Mobile
Computing and
the Internet of
Things (IoT)
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2
Network Fundamentals
A computer network is a set of computers connected together for the purpose of sharing recourses.
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
3
Benefits of Computer Networks
Examples of the benefits that companies derive from
a well-developed network architecture include:
• Instantaneous Data and File Sharing
• Simultaneous Resource Sharing
• Secure Data Protection and Redundancy
• Streamlined Administration
• Rapid Internal Communications
• Distributing Computer Power
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
4
Types of Networks
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5
Local Area Network (LAN) (1 of 2)
A group of computers and other devices that share a
communication line or wireless link to server within a limited
geographic area
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6
Local Area Network (LAN) (2 of 2)
• Star network configuration is one in which each
computer is directly linked to a central computer and
indirectly to each other.
• Ring network configuration is one in which each
computer is connected to two adjoining computers to
form a closed circuit.
• Bus network configuration has a main channel to
which nodes or secondary channels are connected in a
branchlike structure.
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7
Wide Area Network (WAN) (1 of 2)
A communication network that spans a large geographic area
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8
Wide Area Network (WAN) (2 of 2)
Internet Service Provider (ISP) is an organization that
provides services for accessing, using or participating with the
Internet.
Virtual private network (VPN) is a service that allows safe
and private network access by routing connections through a
server and hiding the online actions.
Software-defined WAN (SD-WAN) is managed by one central
app that efficiently distributes network traffic across a WAN
over the Internet or cloud-based private networks.
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Intranets, Extranets, and Virtual Private
Networks
• Intranets are LANs or WANS used within a company for
data access, sharing, and collaboration.
• Extranets are WANs that can be logged into remotely
via the Internet to facilitate communication with clients
and vendors.
• Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) are used where
security of transmissions is a concern, because they
encrypt the packets before they are transferred over
the network.
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
10
Virtual Private Networks
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11
Transmission Media and Speed
• Frequency is the capacity of a transmission media.
• Bits per second (bps) is the speed at which data are
transferred over a network.
• Bandwidth of a media is the maximum amount of bps
that can be transmitted over the media and it varies by
media type.
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
12
Circuit Switching vs. Packet Switching
• Circuit switching occurs when there is a dedicated
connection between a source and destination.
• Packet switching occurs when data or voice is
transferred in packets.
• Packets are individual pieces of a message that are
collected and re-assembled with the other pieces of
the same message at their destination. To improve
communication performance and reliability, each larger
message sent between two network devices is often
subdivided into packets.
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
13
Network Components (1 of 2)
• Client is the name used for a computer on a network.
• Server is a central repository of data and various
programs that are shared by users in a network.
• Router links computers to the Internet to enable users
to share a network connection.
• Wireless Router is a device that works as a router to
forward data between network devices and serves as
both a wireless access point and a router.
• Hub is a hardware device where data from many
directions converge and are then sent out in many
directions to multiple devices in a network.
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
14
Network Components (2 of 2)
• Switch is a controller that enables networked devices
to talk to each other efficiently by transmitting data
packets based on IP addresses. It connects the
computers, printers and servers within a building or a
company to create the network.
• Network Interface Card (NIC) is a circuit board or chip
installed in a computer to enable it to connect to a
wired or wireless network.
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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16
Network Applications
• Pure network applications are developed expressly for
use by two more devices that help transfer data and
communicate across a network.
• Standalone network applications were originally
developed for use on a single device and their
functionality retooled to allow them to run on
networks.
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Network Fundamentals: Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Describe the basic functions of business networks.
Name three different types of network configurations.
Why would a company choose to use a WAN rather than a LAN?
What is the difference between an intranet and an extranet?
How does a virtual private network (VPN) provide security?
How do investments in network infrastructure impact an
organization?
7. How is an SD-WAN different from a WAN?
8. What are three different transmission media used in wired
networks?
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Learning Objectives (2 of 4)
Network
Fundamentals
Network
Quality of
Service
Wireless
Networks and
Standards
Mobile
Computing and
the Internet of
Things (IoT)
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
20
Differences Between 4G and 5G Networks
4G networks were
introduced in 2010 and
deliver up to 10 Mbps.
The latest version of 4G is
4G LTE-A that can
theoretically deliver
speeds from 300 Mbps to
1 Gbps, with an average
speed of 15–50 Mbps.
5G networks offer huge
gains in both speed and
capacity over existing 4G
networks. 5G are
currently being offered in
limited geographical areas
that will steadily expand
and are up to ten times
faster than 4G LTE-A—
topping out at 10 Gbps.
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Advantages and Disadvantages of 5G
Advantages
•
•
•
Disadvantages
Speed and capacity: larger
channels, higher speeds,
larger packets of data,
exponentially faster
response time and connect
many devices from a single
location
Short term: Create new
jobs
Longer term: Create
entirely new markets and
economic opportunities
•
•
•
Expensive infrastructure
Unresolved privacy and
security issues surrounding
5G
Health risks caused by its
use of extremely high
frequency (1 Billion cycles
per second) microwaves
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
22
Growing Need for 5G
• Internet of Things (IoT) is creating billions of new
devices for remote sensing, telemetry, and control
applications
• To be efficient, these machine-to-machine connections
will need the significantly faster speeds of 5G
• Work is already underway on the development of 6G
mobile telephone networks.
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
23
Wireless Network Standards
• IEEE 802.11ax also known as “high-efficiency wireless,” 802.11ax
was released in September 2019.
• IEEE 802.11ac utilizes dual-band wireless technology and
support simultaneous connections on both the 2.4 and 5 GHz
Wi-Fi bands.
• IEEE 802.11a runs on 12 channels in the 5-GHz spectrum in
North America, which reduces interference issues
• IEEE 802.11n improves upon prior 802.11 standards by adding
multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and newer features.
• IEEE 802.11g runs on three channels in the 2.4-GHz spectrum,
but at the speed of 802.11a.
• IEEE 802.11b shares spectrum with 2.4-GHz cordless phones,
microwave ovens, and many Bluetooth products.
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
24
Wireless Connectivity (1 of 2)
• Wi-Fi connects computers and smart devices to a
network via a single access point like a router.
• Wi-Fi hotspot is a wireless access point that provides
Internet access to mobile devices like laptops and
smartphones.
• WiMAX stands for worldwide interoperability for
microwave access and was developed to overcome the
short-range limitations of Wi-Fi.
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
25
Wireless Connectivity (2 of 2)
• LTE is the fastest and most consistent cellular
technology.
• LTE-A is a version of LTE cellular technology that more
closely follows the IEEE 802.11ac wireless network
standard.
• Wireless local area network (WLAN): typically extends
an existing wired LAN by attaching a wireless AP to a
wired network.
• Wireless wide area network (WWAN): has a wider
range than a local area network and can cover a group
of buildings.
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Wireless Networks Use Different
Transmission Media
• Wireless transmission media can be used when
installing wiring is impossible or impractical.
• Example of wireless transmission media:
• Radio waves
• Microwaves
• Infrared
• Bluetooth
• Communication satellites
• Mashup is a general term referring to the integration of
two or more technologies
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
29
Wireless
Network
Technologies
• Internet Protocol is a rule or procedure for
transmitting data between computers and
other electronic devices.
• IP address is a unique identifier for each
device that communicates with a network
that identifies and locates each device. An
IP address is comparable to a telephone
number or home address.
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
30
TCP/IP
• TCP/IP is a four-layer suite that consists of:
• Application Layer
• Transport Layer
• Network (Internet) Layer
• Data Link (Network Interface) Layer
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
31
Application Program Interfaces and
Operating Systems
• Application Program Interface (API) consists of a set of
functions, commands, and protocols used by
programmers for OS–interactivity without having to
write a program from scratch.
• Can be automated for simplified usability
Twitter
o Facebook
o Amazon
o
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
32
Automated API
• REST API the Representational State API is used to
build Web services that are lightweight, maintainable
and scalable. It provides a way to access resources in a
particular environment.
• List Skills API has a bidirectional interface that updates
lists each time users make Shopping list or To Do
requests.
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
34
Wireless Networks and Standards:
Questions
1. Why has IPv6 become increasingly important?
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
What is the difference between IPv4 and Ipv6?
What is the purpose of an IP address?
What is an API and what are the benefits of using an API?
What is the difference between 4G and 5G?
Why is 5G not widely available?
What benefits does a 5G network offer businesses?
What is the difference between circuit switching and packet
switching?
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
35
Learning Objectives (3 of 4)
Network
Fundamentals
Network
Quality of
Service
Wireless
Networks and
Standards
Mobile
Computing and
the Internet of
Things (IoT)
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
36
Mobile Network Drivers
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37
Benefits of Mobile Computing
• Connectivity—employees can stay connected to all
sources, at all times.
• Social Engagement—employees can interact with
customers, vendors, suppliers, partners, and each
other via the Internet to create beneficial relationships.
• Personalization—mobile computing can be tailored to
individual needs of all users to enhance the online
experience.
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
38
Mobile Technologies: QR Code
• Quick Response (QR) Code is a two-dimensional
barcode usually in a square structure with information
stored in a black and white geometric symbol
• Advantages: negligible cost
and heightened security
features.
• Disadvantage: it must be
read individually
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
39
Mobile Technologies: RFID
• Radio frequency identification (RFID) allows users to
track inventory and assets by using wireless contactless
radio waves
• Two types of RFID tags:
• Passive tags have a range of approximately 3–5 meters
and can read at a rate of 10 or more times a second.
• Active tags have a range of approximately 100 meters.
They have an internal power source that gives them
their longer range but limits their life span.
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
40
Mobile Technologies: NFC
• Near-field communication (NFC) enables two devices
within close proximity to establish a communication
channel and transfer data through radio waves
• Some effective applications include:
• Mobile payments using
the Apple iWatch
• The self-healthcare industry
• Pay for goods by waving an
NFC-enabled credit card
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
41
The
Internet of
Things
Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of
physical objects or “things” embedded
with electronics, software, sensors, and
network connectivity, that enables these
objects to collect and exchange data.
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
42
Factors Driving IoT
• Development of IPv6
• Introduction of 5G networks
• More widely available broadband Internet
• Lower cost of connecting
• Overwhelming popularity of the smartphone
• Development of more smart devices with Wi-Fi
capabilities
• Development of embedded sensors
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
43
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44
The Growth of IoT
The popularity and use
of IoT is growing. In
1990, there were
300,000 connected IoT
devices, in 2019 there
were 14.2 billion, and
it is predicted that the
number of IoT
connections will grow
to 25 billion in 2021.
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
45
Advantages of IoT
• Monitoring performance, quality, and reliability of
products and services
• Gaining insight into potential new products and service
• Support sales
• Better understand product use
• Remote troubleshooting of products
• Deliver revenue-generating post-sales service
• More efficiently deliver post-sales services
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
46
Disadvantages of IoT
• Network security
• Data privacy
• Data analysis capabilities
• Data collection capabilities
• Realistic efficiency opportunities
• Realistic new revenue opportunities
• Cost
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
47
Edge
Computing
Edge computing is
a new networking
technology that
brings the data
closer to where it
is being used and
is being enabled
by the new, faster
5G networks.
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
48
Choosing Mobile Computing Solutions
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
49
Networks Support Communication,
Search, Collaboration and Relationships
• The other four basic business functions that networks
support are communication, search, collaboration, and
relationships.
• Communicating over wired, wireless or mobile
networks helps businesses search for information that
helps them collaborate to get work done and develop
business relationships.
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
50
Mobile Computing and the Internet of
Things (IoT): Questions
1.
What are the factors driving mobile computing?
2.
Why is mobile global traffic increasing?
3.
How is NFC different from RFID?
4.
What are the two components of a wireless network infrastructure?
5.
What are three types of wireless network transmission media?
6.
What factors should be considered when evaluating mobile networks?
7.
What types of industry sectors are using IoT?
8.
How does a network help communication, collaboration and relationships
between companies and their vendors?
9.
What is edge computing and what networking problems does it address?
10. How can a Mindmap be used to structure a problem?
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
51
Learning Objectives (4 of 4)
Network
Fundamentals
Network
Quality of
Service
Wireless
Networks and
Standards
Mobile
Computing and
the Internet of
Things (IoT)
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
52
Network Quality of Service
• Quality of Service (QoS) is a network’s ability to achieve
maximum bandwidth, optimize network performance elements
like latency, error rate, uptime and downtime and control and
manage network resources by setting priorities for specific types
of data on the network
• The principles of QoS can be applied in two ways:
• Prioritize traffic
• Throttle traffic
• Traffic shaping delays the flow of less important network traffic,
such as bulk data transfers and Peer-to-Peer (P2P) file-sharing
programs, including BitTorrent traffic
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
53
The Net Neutrality
• Net neutrality essentially ensures equal opportunity
for Internet speeds and access to website with no
unfair fast or slow lanes and no blocking of anything
that’s legal on your phone, computer, or tablet.
• Unless Congress passes legislation for or against Net
Neutrality, things could drag on for a long time with
either side appealing to the U.S. Supreme Court or
asking the DC Circuit Court of Appeals for an “en banc”
hearing that allows the full panel of justices to hear the
case.
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
54
Quality of Service Models
• The Integration Services Model (IntServ) is based on
measuring how data flows through a network from
source to destination and the resource needs of all
routers in the network.
• The integrated services model offers two classes of
service—guaranteed and controlled load.
• The Differentiated Services Model (DiffServ) was
designed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
• By marking the class of each packet directly on the
packet, DiffServ eliminates the need for a signaling
protocol that tells the routers which flows require special
QoS treatment.
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
55
Network Quality of Service: Questions
• Why has group work becoming more challenging?
• What might limit the use of face-to-face brainstorming?
• How can online brainstorming tools overcome those limits?
• List ways in which virtual collaboration can be used in business.
• What devices do you have that take advantage of the IoT? Describe how they
impact the way that you live and work.
• What is driving the rise of the IoT?
• What is the main concern that organizations have about the IoT?
• Do you think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages of the IoT? Explain.
• Where do you stand on the issue of Net Neutrality?
• How do you think the state level Net Neutrality regulations are going to
impact ISPs?
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
56
Copyright
Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in
Section 117 of the 1976 United States Act without the express written permission of the
copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the
Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up
copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes
no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these programs
or from the use of the information contained herein.
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57
7/5/23, 11:31 AM
Operations Management
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Discussion 25
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25 points
Rubric Detail
Levels of Achievement
Criteria
Exceeds
Expectations
Meets
Expectation
Some
Expectations
Unsatisfactory
Quantity
5 to 6 points
3 to 4 points
1 to 2 points
0 to 0 points
Initial post and
two other posts
of substance.
Initial post and
one other post
of substance.
Initial post only.
Did not
participate.
5 to 6 points
3 to 4 points
1 to 2 points
0 to 0 points
Demonstrates
excellent
knowledge of
concepts, skills,
and theories
relevant to the
topic.
Demonstrates
knowledge of
concepts, skills,
and theories.
Demonstrates
satisfactory
knowledge of
concepts, skills,
and theories.
Did not
participate.
5 to 6 points
3 to 4 points
1 to 2 points
0 to 0 points
Discussion
post(s) exceed
expectations in
terms of support
provided and
extend the
discussion.
Discussion
post(s) meet
expectations in
terms of
support
provided.
Statements are
satisfactory in
terms of
support
provided.
Did not
participate.
6 to 7 points
4 to 5 points
1 to 2 points
0 to 0 points
Writing is well
organized, clear,
concise, and
focused; no
errors.
Some significant
but not major
errors or
omissions in
writing
organization,
focus, and
clarity.
Numerous
significant
errors or
omissions in
writing
organization,
focus, and
clarity.
Did not
participate.
Content
Support
Writing
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