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In this activity, you will describe how well your educational context aligns with the research on this topic. You have a lot of flexibility here, but here are some questions that might guide your efforts along the way:
Do the main findings on this topic in the research seem to align with what you see in your context?
Are there areas that you think educational practices should change, given what you found in the research?
Literature Review
1
Attitudes and anxiety examination by secondary school students on geography, motivation
on student and efficacy of teachers on science education and how learning in the real world
is supported by the brain: A systematic review of literature review of literature
Introduction
In conducting the review, different variables show that students at the secondary level have
different attitudes toward geography lessons and subjects. The students develop anxiety and
create a state of complexity in their minds concerning the subject. Students must understand that
education is complex and comprises several parts representing a specific nature. Geography in
itself is concerned with the physical nature of the environment nt. The attitude of the students
towards geography was measured through the results. The achievement scale displayed the kind
of attitude a particular group of learners is said. Some results were positive, showing a positive
attitude; others were negative, showing the level of negativity of the learners towards the subject
(Aydin & Tulimen. 2008). The purpose of the incorporation of geography in the system of
education is to ensure that nature and humans would have effective interactions and that nature
would be maximumly utilized. The study was done to investigate the social and economic
impact, for example, on the growth of agriculture.
Regarding communication, geography plays a role since it’s a form of interaction. The areas
covered by different communities can be identified through maps through these other locations,
and ways of people and economic activities are coveted. Decisions made in life also require
Literature Review
2
knowledge of geography. Different tools used in geography include folktales, language, history,
and art.
In secondary school, learning science forms another part of the concern. Science subjects
taught in secondary school include physics, chemistry, environment, and biology. Science forms
the core of general living. Human relations are controlled by scientific meth ds. High
performance of learners in science promotes advancement in a country’s technology. The
improvements are achieved through research and experiments, and inventions of science. Studies
of science have been affected by several factors. In secondary schools with limited materials and
resources, learning in science becomes a night re. For effective scientific learning, learners need
to be provided with an appropriate learning environment like the school science laboratory.
There should be enough science teachers equipped with the knowledge to deliver to the learners.
The teachers should offer enough encouragement and motivation to the learners by applying the
proper reinforcement. Approaches of high quality should be used in the learning process.
Teachers should learn to develop a positive relationship with their learners. through this, learners
can be close to teachers and tap maximum knowledge.
Learning and real-world interactions in the real world can be studied by learning the operation
of the brain. Interactions that involve the aspect of using gestures and turn-taking involve mind
coordination. During the communication period, to create an organized, communicative order,
the brain must be in coordination during the communication process. The brain works with
hearing and talking, which allows balance. During the learning process, it is easy to investigate
the interaction and the incorporation of the brain. Different learners have different behaviors in a
learning environment depending on their brain capacities.
Literature Review
3
Aim and tools of research
The research on secondary school students’ anxiety and attitude toward geography was
conducted to test the specific scores of attitudes and anxiety. Different variables, including age
and gender, were used to identify the variations. The tool used in the study is the screening
mode. Anxiety and attitude range on the same level in the determination of the scores. When the
anxiety levels are high, the attitudes are low, and when the anxiety levels are low, the
perspectives are high. Anxiety and philosophy are among the most significant factors affecting
performance in secondary school. Helplessness, fear, trial, and distress are the characteristics of
anxiety. When we react to situations or items negatively or positively, we term it as attitude. An
individual’s reaction to the geography lesson can be negative or positive. It can be so challenging
to teach in a geography class if the mood is excessively pessimistic. In the general view, the
attitude towards geography was positive. The learner-centered approach would work best to
improve the student’s attitude. Procedures in the classroom environment should be favorable,
and the out-of-class methods should appeal to the learner to boost the learner’s attitude.
The study on efficacy teacher motivation aims to gain students in science subjects. The study
seeks to impact that science subject performance is not based on gender or the background of the
student. Questionnaires were used to test the efficacy of the teachers. Teacher control on
instructional strategies formed the basis of the study. Inferential analytic tools were used to
examine the teacher’s performance (Bal-Taştan et al ., 2018).
The study of the brain aims to understand the brain’s relationship to current matters, human
interactions, and the decision-making process. In the classroom, the neuro system is studied to
understand the concept of learning. The study aims to check the complexity of the issues and
how the brain can synthesize the information and code it. Symposiums are some of the test tools
Literature Review
4
involved in brain assessment and interactions involving one-to-one interaction. The interactions
of groups and understanding of groupthink can be carried out perfectly in a classroom setting.
Teacher interaction with the learners also enhances the learner’s thinking and knowledge. A brain
is an essential tool in learning as it allows for storing information and interpretation.
Method Research is conducted on a group of secondary school learners to determine the
student’s relationships and the attitudes and anxiety toward geography learners. The research is
carried out on school type, gender, age, and success. An examination is conducted to determine
the relationship between causes and effects. Research is carried out worldwide in different areas
and different schools. Of these secondary schools, some are girls’ schools, other boys’, and
mixed-gender schools. The other test on attitude and anxiety depends on the levels within the
secondary schools. The test is carried out on the first levels of studies to the highest levels within
the secondary schools. The tools used in carrying out the research are the scales of attitude and
scales of anxiety. Aydin developed the geography scale around the year 2009. The scales of
geography were applied during the geography fewer ns. The scale operated based on never and
always, whether there is an attitude or no attitude, and whether there is anxiety or not anxiously.
The science scale of concern discovered in 2013 by Kinabalu and Kigali was applied to
geography lessons. A consistent value was always considered in the test. In the collection and
analysis of the data, the anxiety test used a t-test to analyze data, and a one-way variance was
applied in analyzing attitude d a. Finally, an absolute difference was sought in the correlation
between attitude and anxiety.
A cross-sectional survey was carried out on the research about the motivation and efficacy of
science in secondary schools. The study was developed on high school and senior secondary
teachers. At the secondary school level, the students are also involved in the same schools as the
Literature Review
5
teachers. The science students are the particular group that participated in the research. The
science subjects of the research were physics, chemistry, biology, sustainability, and
environmental science. The questionnaire involved questions directed to students on what kind
of motivation they got and its impact on their success. The participants were given briefings on
the purpose of the research, so they voluntary participation and later handed over the
questionnaire. In the survey’s sampling, the answers were analyzed, and where multiple answers
were given, the questions were considered not answered. In 2001 Holy and Moran developed a
teacher efficacy questionnaire tool. The tool operates based on reasoning and the efficiency of
the results. Shieh and Chin also developed the student learning motivation questionnaire; SLMQ
was meant to constantly test student motivation and success levels. Inferential statistics were
used in analyzing the data collected. Tables were then fed with data for more straightforward
interpretation.
The research on brain-to-brain synchrony was carried out among seniors and juniors.
Questionnaires were also used, which were channeled to students through emails. The students
were trained to use an EEG instrument to record the student’s behavior and responses both in
class and outside the lesson set up, and the results were recorded. Students of all gender
participated in the research. The research was carried out randomly during any class. It also
tested the retention level of ideas and how learners could easily remember already taught
concepts.
Discussion
Literature Review
6
In secondary schools, there remains a negative attitude that results from anxiety scores
affecting geography classes. Among the secondary school students in the rural areas, the
negativity attitude scores increased the m re. The low living standards among the learners in the
rural areas also contributed to the negative attitude de. The availability of resources also varied
with different geographical regions. Acquiring the required learning resources and applying the
correct approach takes much work in rural areas. The scores were not affected by the student’s
gender as the effects were used for every secondary school learner. The level of success of the
learners determined their attitude of the learners. The learners who were generally good
performers in geography had fewer negative attitudes toward geography. The kind of
relationship between the learners and the teacher also marked a vital asp ct. Learners who had
good close relationships with their geography teachers had a positive attitude towards the subj ct.
The success of the learners was great too. The grade levels did not affect the attitude scores and
anxiety levels; the performance results were uniform regardless of the grade levels. Geography
was not only seen to thrive in secondary schools but is also embraced in society. The kinds of
schools where the geography lessons were held brought a significant difference. Students in
secondary schools who had a better understanding of why they had to study geography
performed better and had a high attitude toward the subject.
In the examination of the efficacy of the teacher, teacher-learner closeness was observed in
the learning environment and the synchrony of the brain. The resulting data was analyzed based
on quizzes on scores and engagement assessments. In science, the scores on the examinations
gave more information about the brain’s success. Concept retinene also expressed the application
of scientific knowledge during problem solve ng. The student synchrony also depended on the
closeness with the teacher. The science learners who had a closer brain-to-brain with the teacher
Literature Review
7
achieved m re. The changing technology needs scientific learning. Science plays a significant
role in economic and social growth. In globalization and societal improvement, science plays an
outstanding r le. Teachers play an essential role in the impact of scientific skills and knowledge
on learners. The school organization and program are great motivators toward the study of
science. The schools should create a favorable environment for the learners and ensure the
provision of suitable materials and the application of the proper study approaches.
In science, brain synchrony involvement is seen through test scores. The brain-to-brain
synchrony does not show any relationship with the retention rate of knowledge. Brain-to-brain
synchrony in the study of quizzes is also not expressed. However, brain-to-brain learning occurs
during the communication process. In the test of brain synchrony, the state of remembrance and
forgetfulness was tested among students. Brain synchrony increases with the advancement of
technology (Bevilacqua et a ., 20 8). The field of the network through social interactions also
impacts the brain synchro y. Physical promotion does not mark brain synchrony. The general
engagement and the attention drawn into some activities occur through synchrony. Certain
stimuli can also keep a specific idea and can be coded by the brain, for example, when a teacher
speaks. The engagement of the brain can be evoked through clear stim li. The brain receives
information according to where the attention is drawn.
Conclusion
Literature Review
8
In conclusion, the state of learning is a process that involves a continuous engagement of the
student, teacher, and the appropriate resource es. The brain plays a significant role in school
learning and learning that involves interactions in the real world. Anxiety and attitude are among
the most critical factors affecting performance in secondary school. Helplessness, fear, trial, and
distress are the characteristics of anxiety. When we react to situations or items negatively or
positively, we term an individual’s reaction of an individual toward the geography lesson can be
through a negative attitude or a positive attitude de. It because so challenging to teach in a
geography class if the mood is excessively negative and the anxiety is so gr at. In the general
view, the attitude towards geography was positive.
The learner-centered approach would work best to improve the student’s attitude. Studies of
science have been affected by several factors. In secondary schools with limited materials and
resources, learning in science becomes a night re. For effective scientific learning, learners need
to be provided with an appropriate learning environment like the school science laboratory.
There should be enough science teachers equipped with the knowledge to deliver to the learners.
The teachers should offer enough encouragement and motivation to the learners by applying the
proper reinforcement. Approaches of high quality should be used in the learning process. The
study of the brain aims to understand the brain’s relationship to current matters, human
interactions, and the decision-making process. The brain is an essential learning tool as it allows
for storing information and interpreting data. During the communication period, to create an
organized, communicative order, the brain must be in coordination during the communication
process.
References
Literature Review
9
Aydin, F., & TÜLÜMEN, M. (2018). Examining the anxiety and attitudes of secondary school
students towards geography lessons in terms of some variable es. Review of International
Geographical Education Online, 8(3), 473-499.
Bal-Taştan, S., Davoudi, S. M. M., Masalimova, A. R., Bersanov, A. S., Kurbanov, R. A.,
Boiarchuk, A. V., & Pavlushin, A. A. (2018). The impacts of teacher efficacy and motivation on
student’s academic achievement in science education among secondary and high school students
ts. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 14(6), 2353-2366.
Bevilacqua, D., Davidescu, I., Wan, L., Chaloner, K., Rowland, J., Ding, M., … & Dikker, S. (20
9). Brain-to-brain synchrony and learning outcomes vary by student–teacher dynamics: Evidence
from a real-world classroom electroencephalography day. Journal of cognitive
neuroscience, 31(3), 401-411.
Literature Review
1
Attitudes and anxiety examination by secondary school students on geography, motivation
on student and efficacy of teachers on science education and how learning in the real world
is supported by the brain: A systematic review of literature review of literature
Introduction
In conducting the review, different variables show that students at the secondary level have
different attitudes toward geography lessons and subjects. The students develop anxiety and
create a state of complexity in their minds concerning the subject. Students must understand that
education is complex and comprises several parts representing a specific nature. Geography in
itself is concerned with the physical nature of the environment nt. The attitude of the students
towards geography was measured through the results. The achievement scale displayed the kind
of attitude a particular group of learners is said. Some results were positive, showing a positive
attitude; others were negative, showing the level of negativity of the learners towards the subject
(Aydin & Tulimen. 2008). The purpose of the incorporation of geography in the system of
education is to ensure that nature and humans would have effective interactions and that nature
would be maximumly utilized. The study was done to investigate the social and economic
impact, for example, on the growth of agriculture.
Regarding communication, geography plays a role since it’s a form of interaction. The areas
covered by different communities can be identified through maps through these other locations,
and ways of people and economic activities are coveted. Decisions made in life also require
Literature Review
2
knowledge of geography. Different tools used in geography include folktales, language, history,
and art.
In secondary school, learning science forms another part of the concern. Science subjects
taught in secondary school include physics, chemistry, environment, and biology. Science forms
the core of general living. Human relations are controlled by scientific meth ds. High
performance of learners in science promotes advancement in a country’s technology. The
improvements are achieved through research and experiments, and inventions of science. Studies
of science have been affected by several factors. In secondary schools with limited materials and
resources, learning in science becomes a night re. For effective scientific learning, learners need
to be provided with an appropriate learning environment like the school science laboratory.
There should be enough science teachers equipped with the knowledge to deliver to the learners.
The teachers should offer enough encouragement and motivation to the learners by applying the
proper reinforcement. Approaches of high quality should be used in the learning process.
Teachers should learn to develop a positive relationship with their learners. through this, learners
can be close to teachers and tap maximum knowledge.
Learning and real-world interactions in the real world can be studied by learning the operation
of the brain. Interactions that involve the aspect of using gestures and turn-taking involve mind
coordination. During the communication period, to create an organized, communicative order,
the brain must be in coordination during the communication process. The brain works with
hearing and talking, which allows balance. During the learning process, it is easy to investigate
the interaction and the incorporation of the brain. Different learners have different behaviors in a
learning environment depending on their brain capacities.
Literature Review
3
Aim and tools of research
The research on secondary school students’ anxiety and attitude toward geography was
conducted to test the specific scores of attitudes and anxiety. Different variables, including age
and gender, were used to identify the variations. The tool used in the study is the screening
mode. Anxiety and attitude range on the same level in the determination of the scores. When the
anxiety levels are high, the attitudes are low, and when the anxiety levels are low, the
perspectives are high. Anxiety and philosophy are among the most significant factors affecting
performance in secondary school. Helplessness, fear, trial, and distress are the characteristics of
anxiety. When we react to situations or items negatively or positively, we term it as attitude. An
individual’s reaction to the geography lesson can be negative or positive. It can be so challenging
to teach in a geography class if the mood is excessively pessimistic. In the general view, the
attitude towards geography was positive. The learner-centered approach would work best to
improve the student’s attitude. Procedures in the classroom environment should be favorable,
and the out-of-class methods should appeal to the learner to boost the learner’s attitude.
The study on efficacy teacher motivation aims to gain students in science subjects. The study
seeks to impact that science subject performance is not based on gender or the background of the
student. Questionnaires were used to test the efficacy of the teachers. Teacher control on
instructional strategies formed the basis of the study. Inferential analytic tools were used to
examine the teacher’s performance (Bal-Taştan et al ., 2018).
The study of the brain aims to understand the brain’s relationship to current matters, human
interactions, and the decision-making process. In the classroom, the neuro system is studied to
understand the concept of learning. The study aims to check the complexity of the issues and
how the brain can synthesize the information and code it. Symposiums are some of the test tools
Literature Review
4
involved in brain assessment and interactions involving one-to-one interaction. The interactions
of groups and understanding of groupthink can be carried out perfectly in a classroom setting.
Teacher interaction with the learners also enhances the learner’s thinking and knowledge. A brain
is an essential tool in learning as it allows for storing information and interpretation.
Method Research is conducted on a group of secondary school learners to determine the
student’s relationships and the attitudes and anxiety toward geography learners. The research is
carried out on school type, gender, age, and success. An examination is conducted to determine
the relationship between causes and effects. Research is carried out worldwide in different areas
and different schools. Of these secondary schools, some are girls’ schools, other boys’, and
mixed-gender schools. The other test on attitude and anxiety depends on the levels within the
secondary schools. The test is carried out on the first levels of studies to the highest levels within
the secondary schools. The tools used in carrying out the research are the scales of attitude and
scales of anxiety. Aydin developed the geography scale around the year 2009. The scales of
geography were applied during the geography fewer ns. The scale operated based on never and
always, whether there is an attitude or no attitude, and whether there is anxiety or not anxiously.
The science scale of concern discovered in 2013 by Kinabalu and Kigali was applied to
geography lessons. A consistent value was always considered in the test. In the collection and
analysis of the data, the anxiety test used a t-test to analyze data, and a one-way variance was
applied in analyzing attitude d a. Finally, an absolute difference was sought in the correlation
between attitude and anxiety.
A cross-sectional survey was carried out on the research about the motivation and efficacy of
science in secondary schools. The study was developed on high school and senior secondary
teachers. At the secondary school level, the students are also involved in the same schools as the
Literature Review
5
teachers. The science students are the particular group that participated in the research. The
science subjects of the research were physics, chemistry, biology, sustainability, and
environmental science. The questionnaire involved questions directed to students on what kind
of motivation they got and its impact on their success. The participants were given briefings on
the purpose of the research, so they voluntary participation and later handed over the
questionnaire. In the survey’s sampling, the answers were analyzed, and where multiple answers
were given, the questions were considered not answered. In 2001 Holy and Moran developed a
teacher efficacy questionnaire tool. The tool operates based on reasoning and the efficiency of
the results. Shieh and Chin also developed the student learning motivation questionnaire; SLMQ
was meant to constantly test student motivation and success levels. Inferential statistics were
used in analyzing the data collected. Tables were then fed with data for more straightforward
interpretation.
The research on brain-to-brain synchrony was carried out among seniors and juniors.
Questionnaires were also used, which were channeled to students through emails. The students
were trained to use an EEG instrument to record the student’s behavior and responses both in
class and outside the lesson set up, and the results were recorded. Students of all gender
participated in the research. The research was carried out randomly during any class. It also
tested the retention level of ideas and how learners could easily remember already taught
concepts.
Discussion
Literature Review
6
In secondary schools, there remains a negative attitude that results from anxiety scores
affecting geography classes. Among the secondary school students in the rural areas, the
negativity attitude scores increased the m re. The low living standards among the learners in the
rural areas also contributed to the negative attitude de. The availability of resources also varied
with different geographical regions. Acquiring the required learning resources and applying the
correct approach takes much work in rural areas. The scores were not affected by the student’s
gender as the effects were used for every secondary school learner. The level of success of the
learners determined their attitude of the learners. The learners who were generally good
performers in geography had fewer negative attitudes toward geography. The kind of
relationship between the learners and the teacher also marked a vital asp ct. Learners who had
good close relationships with their geography teachers had a positive attitude towards the subj ct.
The success of the learners was great too. The grade levels did not affect the attitude scores and
anxiety levels; the performance results were uniform regardless of the grade levels. Geography
was not only seen to thrive in secondary schools but is also embraced in society. The kinds of
schools where the geography lessons were held brought a significant difference. Students in
secondary schools who had a better understanding of why they had to study geography
performed better and had a high attitude toward the subject.
In the examination of the efficacy of the teacher, teacher-learner closeness was observed in
the learning environment and the synchrony of the brain. The resulting data was analyzed based
on quizzes on scores and engagement assessments. In science, the scores on the examinations
gave more information about the brain’s success. Concept retinene also expressed the application
of scientific knowledge during problem solve ng. The student synchrony also depended on the
closeness with the teacher. The science learners who had a closer brain-to-brain with the teacher
Literature Review
7
achieved m re. The changing technology needs scientific learning. Science plays a significant
role in economic and social growth. In globalization and societal improvement, science plays an
outstanding r le. Teachers play an essential role in the impact of scientific skills and knowledge
on learners. The school organization and program are great motivators toward the study of
science. The schools should create a favorable environment for the learners and ensure the
provision of suitable materials and the application of the proper study approaches.
In science, brain synchrony involvement is seen through test scores. The brain-to-brain
synchrony does not show any relationship with the retention rate of knowledge. Brain-to-brain
synchrony in the study of quizzes is also not expressed. However, brain-to-brain learning occurs
during the communication process. In the test of brain synchrony, the state of remembrance and
forgetfulness was tested among students. Brain synchrony increases with the advancement of
technology (Bevilacqua et a ., 20 8). The field of the network through social interactions also
impacts the brain synchro y. Physical promotion does not mark brain synchrony. The general
engagement and the attention drawn into some activities occur through synchrony. Certain
stimuli can also keep a specific idea and can be coded by the brain, for example, when a teacher
speaks. The engagement of the brain can be evoked through clear stim li. The brain receives
information according to where the attention is drawn.
Conclusion
Literature Review
8
In conclusion, the state of learning is a process that involves a continuous engagement of the
student, teacher, and the appropriate resource es. The brain plays a significant role in school
learning and learning that involves interactions in the real world. Anxiety and attitude are among
the most critical factors affecting performance in secondary school. Helplessness, fear, trial, and
distress are the characteristics of anxiety. When we react to situations or items negatively or
positively, we term an individual’s reaction of an individual toward the geography lesson can be
through a negative attitude or a positive attitude de. It because so challenging to teach in a
geography class if the mood is excessively negative and the anxiety is so gr at. In the general
view, the attitude towards geography was positive.
The learner-centered approach would work best to improve the student’s attitude. Studies of
science have been affected by several factors. In secondary schools with limited materials and
resources, learning in science becomes a night re. For effective scientific learning, learners need
to be provided with an appropriate learning environment like the school science laboratory.
There should be enough science teachers equipped with the knowledge to deliver to the learners.
The teachers should offer enough encouragement and motivation to the learners by applying the
proper reinforcement. Approaches of high quality should be used in the learning process. The
study of the brain aims to understand the brain’s relationship to current matters, human
interactions, and the decision-making process. The brain is an essential learning tool as it allows
for storing information and interpreting data. During the communication period, to create an
organized, communicative order, the brain must be in coordination during the communication
process.
References
Literature Review
9
Aydin, F., & TÜLÜMEN, M. (2018). Examining the anxiety and attitudes of secondary school
students towards geography lessons in terms of some variable es. Review of International
Geographical Education Online, 8(3), 473-499.
Bal-Taştan, S., Davoudi, S. M. M., Masalimova, A. R., Bersanov, A. S., Kurbanov, R. A.,
Boiarchuk, A. V., & Pavlushin, A. A. (2018). The impacts of teacher efficacy and motivation on
student’s academic achievement in science education among secondary and high school students
ts. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 14(6), 2353-2366.
Bevilacqua, D., Davidescu, I., Wan, L., Chaloner, K., Rowland, J., Ding, M., … & Dikker, S. (20
9). Brain-to-brain synchrony and learning outcomes vary by student–teacher dynamics: Evidence
from a real-world classroom electroencephalography day. Journal of cognitive
neuroscience, 31(3), 401-411.
